TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Familial Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption and Hereditary Renal Glycosuria A1 - Wright, Ernest M. A1 - Martín, Martín G. A1 - Turk, Eric A2 - Valle, David L. A2 - Antonarakis, Stylianos A2 - Ballabio, Andrea A2 - Beaudet, Arthur L. A2 - Mitchell, Grant A. Y1 - 2019 N1 - 10.1036/ommbid.223 T2 - The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease AB - Glucose-galactose malabsorption (GGM, MIM 182380) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is due to mutations in the gene coding for the intestinal brush-border sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). It is characterized by the neonatal onset of profuse, watery diarrhea that leads to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. The intestinal absorption of other nutrients such as amino acids and fructose is normal. Frequently, GGM is accompanied by a mild renal glucosuria. The diarrhea is quickly resolved by the elimination of glucose, galactose, and lactose from the diet; the milk sugar lactose is quickly hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose by lactase on the surface of the intestinal mucosa. The malabsorption of glucose and galactose is readily confirmed by the breath hydrogen test. Once the offending sugars are removed from the diet, patients appear to grow and develop normally.SGLT1 is present in the brush-border membrane of mature enterocytes lining the upper surface of the intestinal villi. The transporter is responsible for the accumulation of glucose and galactose in the enterocytes, and this occurs by sodium-sugar cotransport. Two sodium ions are transported along with each sugar, and transport is energized by the sodium electrochemical potential gradient across the brush-border membrane. The sodium gradient is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump in the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte. This means that sugar in the gut lumen stimulates sodium absorption across the small intestine, and this is followed by anions and water. This process provides the rationalization for oral rehydration therapy used worldwide to treat diarrhea caused by infections. Fructose is not transported by SGLT1, but it uses its own facilitated transporter in the brush-border membrane, GLUT5. Once glucose, galactose, and fructose are within the cell, they exit to the blood across the basolateral membrane of the cell through another facilitated sugar transporter, GLUT2.In 46 GGM patients, the SGLT1 gene has been screened for mutations, and 41 have been identified. These include missense (61 percent), nonsense (10 percent), frameshift (17 percent), and splice-site (12 percent) mutations. About 70 percent have homozygous mutations, whereas the remainder bear compound heterozygous mutations. No mutations have yet been identified in 3 GGM patients. The missense and several of the nonsense mutations have been tested for defects in sugar transport. The mutant proteins were expressed in a heterologous expression system, Xenopus laevis oocytes, and all but 3 missense mutations cause a severe reduction in sodium-sugar transport activity. In 2 of the 3 patients with these rather benign mutations, other mutations impaired sugar transport.The nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations produce inactive proteins. The missense mutant cRNAs are translated and glycosylated in the oocyte endoplasmic reticulum and remain in the cell at about the same level as the wild-type protein. The majority are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and are not forwarded to the plasma membrane of the oocyte. This indicates that the mutations cause protein misfolding that impairs proper trafficking to the plasma membrane. Only one missense mutant, Q457R, is properly processed in oocytes, but this mutant protein is unable to ... SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY M3 - doi: 10.1036/ommbid.223 Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1181472512 ER -