TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiency A1 - von Figura, Kurt A1 - Hanefeld, Folker A1 - Isbrandt, Dirk A1 - Stöckler-Ipsiroglu, Sylvia A2 - Valle, David L. A2 - Antonarakis, Stylianos A2 - Ballabio, Andrea A2 - Beaudet, Arthur L. A2 - Mitchell, Grant A. Y1 - 2019 N1 - 10.1036/ommbid.394 T2 - The Online Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease AB - Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT)-deficiency (MIM 601240) is a disease of creatine biosynthesis. Creatine is synthesized in a two-step mechanism from glycine, arginine, and methionine. In the first reaction, guanidinoacetate and ornithine are formed by arginine: glycine aminidinotransferase. In the second reaction, catalyzed by GAMT, S-adenosylmethionine donates the methyl group for formation of creatine from guanidinoacetate.GAMT-deficiency manifests during the first months of life as developmental delay or arrest. Neurologic symptoms are heterogeneous, including muscular hypotonia and weakness, poor head control, involuntary extrapyramidal movements, epilepsy, and, in older patients, autistic behavior. Abnormal signals in the globus pallidus, as observed on MRI scans, may provide an important clue for diagnosis.Diagnosis of the disease is based on the demonstration of excessive amounts of guanidinoacetate in body fluids, the deficiency of creatine/phosphocreatine in brain, and the absence of GAMT activity in fibroblasts, lymphocytes, or amniotic fluid cells.GAMT deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder. Two GAMT deficiency alleles have been characterized, which account for four of the six alleles in the three patients analyzed so far. The two alleles give rise to transcripts that encode truncated or elongated, presumably nonfunctional polypeptides.The bulk of creatine is synthesized in liver, pancreas, and kidney; released into the blood; and taken up by cells via creatine transporters. In tissues with highly fluctuating demand for energy, such as muscle and brain, the creatine/phosphocreatine system serves as a temporal and spatial energy buffering system. Some of the abnormalities observed in GAMT deficiency can be explained by the deficiency of high-energy phosphate in such cells, while others appear to be related to the accumulation of guanidinoacetate.Oral supplementation of creatine in GAMT deficiency patients partially restores the creatine/phosphocreatine in brain and has beneficial effects on the clinical manifestations. The elevation of guanidinoacetate in plasma is largely refractory to oral supplementation of creatine, which may explain the persistence of some of the clinical symptoms. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY M3 - doi: 10.1036/ommbid.394 Y2 - 2024/10/13 UR - ommbid.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1181435128 ER -